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增材制造 2

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纳米测量仪器和纳米加工技术

姚骏恩

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第1期页码 33-37

摘要：

纳米科技是当今国际上的一个热点。文章对纳米科技作了简要介绍, 纳米测量和加工是纳米科技中的一个不可缺少的重要组成部分。叙述了发展纳米测量和纳米加工技术的两个主要途径：一是发展传统技术，主要是电子显微术以及最近发展起来的聚焦离子束（FIB）- 电子束数控加工中心；二是创造新的测量仪器，建立新原理和新方法，介绍了国内外电子显微镜和扫描探针显微镜这两类纳米测量分析仪器的发展、应用和生产现状。指出我国电子显微仪器和扫描探针显微镜的开发和生产面临困境，应尽快建立和加强自己的电子显微仪器和扫描探针显微镜等纳米测量和纳米加工设备制造产业，并列入国家科技发展规划。

关键词：纳米科技纳米测量电子显微镜扫描探针显微镜聚焦离子束-电子束装置仪器生产

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Structure and formation of anoxic granular sludge —A string-bag hypothesis

Binbin WANG,Dangcong PENG,Xinyan ZHANG,Xiaochang WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第2期页码 311-318 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0748-8

摘要： Anoxic granular sludge was developed in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor which was fed with sodium acetate and sodium nitrate as electron donor and accepter. The sludge in the reactor was almost granulated after approximately 90 days of cultivation. In the present study, a detailed examination of surface morphology and internal structure of anoxic granular sludge was conducted using scanning electron microscope. It showed that the bacteria inside the granules had a uniform, coccus-like shape. By contrast, filamentous bacteria were predominant outside the granules. These bacteria were woven and had wrapped the coccus bacteria together to form granules. The small amounts of DO in the liquid bulk promoted the growth of filamentous bacteria on the surface of the granules. A string-bag hypothesis was proposed to elucidate the structure and formation of the anoxic granular sludge. It suggested that micro-aeration could be a method to promote granulation in practical anoxic treatment systems.

关键词： granulation sequencing batch reactor anoxic sludge scanning electron microscope filamentous bacteria

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大面积扫描探针显微镜研制

路小波,陆祖宏,周庆,王国著

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第9期页码 50-55

摘要：

介绍了一种大面积扫描探针显微镜。仪器采用大范围扫描与高精度微动扫描相分离、X-Y扫描与纵向检测相分离的方案，同时具备较大扫描范围和较高的分辨率，扫描重复性好，大面积扫描范围220mm×290mm×60mm，重复性2～3 μm，并可实现探针的自动逼近、光学显微镜自动聚焦和图像自动拼接。

关键词：扫描探针显微镜自动逼近自动聚焦图像拼接

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Experimental flexural behavior of SMA-FRP reinforced concrete beam

Adeel ZAFAR, Bassem ANDRAWES

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 341-355 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0221-y

摘要： The most critical drawback in currently used steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is susceptibility to accumulation of plastic deformation under excessive loads. Many concrete structures due to damaged (yielded) steel reinforcement have undergone costly repairs and replacements. This research presents a new type of shape memory alloy (SMA)-based composite reinforcement with ability to withstand high elongation while exhibiting pseudo-elastic behavior. In this study, small diameter SMA wires are embedded in thermoset resin matrix with or without additional glass fibers to develop composite reinforcement. Manufacturing technique of new proposed composite is validated using microscopy images. The proposed SMA-FRP composite square rebars are first fabricated and then embedded in small scale concrete T-beam. 3-point bending test is conducted on manufactured RC beam using a cyclic displacement controlled regime until failure. It is found that the SMA-FRP composite reinforcement is able to enhance the performance of concrete member by providing re-centering and crack closing capability.

关键词： re-centering shape memory alloys concrete composite fiber reinforced polymer scanning electron microscopy

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Plasma-enabled healing of graphene nano-platelets layer

Xiuqi Fang, Carles Corbella, Denis B. Zolotukhin, Michael Keidar

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 350-359 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1787-7

摘要： Graphene platelet networks (GPNs) were deposited onto silicon substrates by means of anodic arc discharge ignited between two graphite electrodes. Substrate temperature and pressure of helium atmosphere were optimized for the production of the carbon nanomaterials. The samples were modified or destroyed with different methods to mimic typical environments responsible of severe surface degradation. The emulated conditions were performed by four surface treatments, namely thermal oxidation, substrate overheating, exposition to glow discharge, and metal coating due to arc plasma. In the next step, the samples were regenerated on the same substrates with identical deposition technique. Damaging and re-growth of GPN samples were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The full regeneration of the structural and morphological properties of the samples has proven that this healing method by arc plasma is adequate for restoring the functionality of 2D nanostructures exposed to harsh environments.

关键词： graphene platelet networks anodic arc discharge plasma healing scanning electron microscopy Raman spectroscopy

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Fouling mechanisms in the early stage of an enhanced coagulation-ultrafiltration process

Haiqing CHANG,Baicang LIU,Wanshen LUO,Guibai LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 73-83 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0692-7

摘要： We investigated the fouling performances of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for treating in-line coagulated water in an enhanced coagulation-UF hybrid process. Then we analyzed the fouling mechanisms in the early stage of UF using mathematical models and microscopy observation methods. Finally, we discussed the impact of aeration on membrane fouling in this paper. The results showed that a two-stage of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) profile during the operation of enhanced coagulation-UF membrane was observed, and the relationship between permeability and operation time fitted well with a logarithmic curve. Membrane pores blocking and cake filtration were confirmed as main membrane fouling mechanisms using the mathematical models. The two stages of membrane fouling mechanisms were further deduced, namely, the membrane pore narrowing followed by the formation of cake layer. Membrane autopsy analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the membrane surface sampled from different filtration cycles also confirmed the mechanisms of pores blocking and cake filtration. Moreover, according to the variations of the permeability and membrane fouling resistance, aeration was able to mitigate and control the membrane fouling to a certain extent, but the optimization of aeration conditions still needs to be studied.

关键词： coagulation-UF trans-membrane pressure (TMP) permeability membrane fouling resistance scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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Experimental investigation of fatigue behavior of spur gear in altered tooth-sum gearing

H. K. SACHIDANANDA, Joseph GONSALVIS, H. R. PRAKASH

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第3期页码 268-278 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0331-6

摘要：

This paper deals with the contact stress, power loss, and pitting of spur gear tooth in altered tooth-sum gearing for a tooth-sum of 100 teeth when altered by±4% tooth-sum. Analytical and experimental methods were performed to investigate and compare the altered tooth-sum gearing against the standard tooth-sum gearing. The experiments were performed using a power recirculating type test rig. The tooth loads for the experimental investigations were determined considering the surface durability of gears. A clear picture of the surface damage was obtained using a scanning electron microphotograph. The negative alteration in the tooth-sum performed better than the positive alteration in a tooth-sum operating between specified center distances.

关键词： spur gear power recirculating test rig altered tooth-sum gearing scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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Performance of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) with different surface roughening methods

Ning JIN, Bangfeng WANG, Kan BIAN, Qi CHEN, Ke XIONG,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第4期页码 430-435 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0053-6

摘要： Based on permeation and double chemical reduction technology, this paper researches the manufacture of Pt-ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) and the effect of three types of surface roughening methods on the manufacture and performance of IPMC. The roughening methods include manual polishing, sanding machine polishing, and plasma surface treatment. The appearance and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) features, electro-active deformation and surface resistance characteristics of these IPMC specimens were obtained and compared through specimen tests. The results of the tests indicate that surface roughening technology obviously influences the performance of IPMC. The uniformity and compactness of the metal deposited on the surface and inside the Nafion film are improved by improving surface roughening uniformity. However, the electro-active deformation capability and surface resistance of the specimens decrease at the same time. There is an approximate linear increase relationship between the driving voltage and the bending deformation of the IPMC specimen within a certain voltage range. Under the same specimen dimension, constraints, and driving voltage (3V), the maximum electro-active bending deformation angles of the specimens are about 60°, 45°, and 15° for manual polishing, sanding machine roughening, and plasma treatment, respectively.

关键词： ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) surface roughening scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyze actuator electroless plating

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New kind of subarea-parallel scanning mode for laser metal deposition shaping

BIAN Hongyou, LIU Weijun, ZHAO Jibin

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第4期页码 417-422 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0071-1

摘要： A scanning mode is the key technology in a laser metal deposition shaping (LMDS) fabrication process. On the basis of the analysis of existing scanning modes and their influences on the fabrication efficiency and the quality of parts, some disadvantages of them are pointed out. A new kind of subarea-parallel scanning mode for LMDS based on a subdividing profiled outline into monotonous polygon subareas is presented. First, based on the principle of point visibility, inner loops are eliminated, and simple polygons are subdivided into monotonous polygons with the minimal zones. Second, the parallel scanning paths of all monotonous polygon subareas are finished, which diminishes the length of the scanning line. The practical application shows that the scanning mode can enhance the fabrication efficiency and quality.

关键词： scanning parallel scanning practical application fabrication efficiency LMDS

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Analysis and comparison of laser cutting performance of solar float glass with different scanning modes

Wenyuan LI, Yu HUANG, Youmin RONG, Long CHEN, Guojun ZHANG, Zhangrui GAO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第16卷第1期页码 97-110 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0600-8

摘要： Cutting quality and efficiency have always been important indicators of glass laser cutting. Laser scanning modes have two kinds, namely, the spiral and concentric circle scanning modes. These modes can achieve high-performance hole cutting of thick solar float glass using a 532-nm nanosecond laser. The mechanism of the glass laser cutting under these two different scanning modes has been described. Several experiments are conducted to explore the effect of machining parameters on cutting efficiency and quality under these two scanning modes. Results indicate that compared with the spiral scanning mode, the minimum area of edge chipping (218340 µm ) and the minimum Ra (3.01 µm) in the concentric circle scanning mode are reduced by 9.4% and 16.4% respectively. Moreover, the best cutting efficiency scanning mode is 14.2% faster than that in the spiral scanning mode. The best parameter combination for the concentric circle scanning mode is as follows: Scanning speed: 2200 mm/s, number of inner circles: 6, and circle spacing: 0.05 mm. This parameter combination reduces the chipping area and sidewall surface roughness by 8.8% and 9.6% respectively at the same cutting efficiency compared with the best spiral processing parameters. The range of glass processing that can be achieved in the concentric circle scanning mode is wider than that in the spiral counterpart. The analyses of surface topography, white spots, microstructures, and sidewall surface element composition are also performed. The study concluded that the concentric circle scanning mode shows evident advantages in the performance of solar float glass hole cutting.

关键词： laser cutting solar float glass scanning mode surface quality cutting efficiency

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Review of MEMS differential scanning calorimetry for biomolecular study

Shifeng YU, Shuyu WANG, Ming LU, Lei ZUO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第4期页码 526-538 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0451-0

摘要：

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is one of the few techniques that allow direct determination of enthalpy values for binding reactions and conformational transitions in biomolecules. It provides the thermodynamics information of the biomolecules which consists of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy in a straightforward manner that enables deep understanding of the structure function relationship in biomolecules such as the folding/unfolding of protein and DNA, and ligand bindings. This review provides an up to date overview of the applications of DSC in biomolecular study such as the bovine serum albumin denaturation study, the relationship between the melting point of lysozyme and the scanning rate. We also introduce the recent advances of the development of micro-electro-mechanic-system (MEMS) based DSCs.

关键词： differential scanning calorimetry biomolecule MEMS thermodynamic

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宫内节育器表面的细菌生物膜研究

张向卉,曲雯雯,黄薇,方婕,吴凡子,周辛璇

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第6期页码 21-27

摘要：

目的：宫内节育器（IUD）是目前常用的长效避孕措施之一，然而众多研究认为IUD的应用增加了盆腔炎性疾病（PID）的发生率。近年研究发现细菌生物膜（BF）与感染性疾病的发生息息相关，本研究拟探究无盆腔炎疾病妇女的不同类型宫内节育器表面是否存在BF，了解IUD是否为BF形成提供平台，是否增加盆腔炎性疾病的易感性。方法：不同类型IUD标本，根据表面清洁程度分别进行单独电子扫描电镜（SEM）观察，单独需氧、厌氧细菌培养，以及SEM观察+培养了解IUD表面是否存在BF。结果：共纳入IUD标本86例，85例非PID女性的IUD，同期1例盆腔感染性疾病患者的IUD。25例进行单独SEM观察，阳性1例，其余标本未见典型BF结构。单独细菌培养47例，需氧细菌培养阳性1例，见大面积菌苔覆盖，考虑污染可能性大，其余标本未见细菌生长。SEM联合培养14例，细菌培养阳性，电镜无阳性发现。其余培养及SEM观察阴性。结论：不论IUD的类型如何，非PID女性体内的IUD表面无BF存在，不同与其他体内医疗装置，BF的形成不能成为限制IUD应用的理由。

关键词：宫内节育器；盆腔炎性疾病；细菌生物膜；SEM

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一种飞机装配用便携式非接触轮廓扫描系统

梁冰, 刘巍, 刘坤, 周孟德, 张洋, 贾振元

《工程（英文）》 2022年第15卷第8期页码 207-214 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.017

摘要：

在大型飞机装配过程中，三维轮廓扫描对于装配质量检测具有关键作用。为实现大型飞机零部件高反光曲面轮廓的扫描测量，本文提出一种兼顾精度与效率的非接触式自动化测量系统和方法。首先，以距离传感器辅助摄影测量，建立一种非接触式三维坐标复合测量系统，避免被测表面高反光对摄影测量精度的影响。同时，建立一种蕴含距离传感器一维测距信息与视觉全局转换关系的复合式坐标测量模型，高精度解算被测量点的三维坐标。其次，构建一种轮廓信息驱动的形面自动扫描方法和策略，在距离传感器有效量程内实现形面的非接触快速扫描与轮廓重建。最后，在某型号飞机平尾升降舵（尺寸约1760 mm × 460 mm）装配过程中对所提系统及方法进行现场试验与精度分析。实验表明：整个测量过程用时仅208 s，形面轮廓重建精度优于0.121 mm，因此，鉴于大型飞机装配过程中形面轮廓的高精度和高效率测量要求，所提系统及方法具有广阔应用前景。

关键词：飞机测试三坐标测量轮廓重建自动扫描扫描策略

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precise-acting” strategies for improving anaerobic methanogenesis of organic waste: Insights from the electron

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1508-1

摘要： Methanogenesis is the last step in anaerobic digestion, which is usually a rate-limiting step in the biological treatment of organic waste. The low methanogenesis efficiency (low methane production rate, low methane yield, low methane content) substantially limits the development of anaerobic digestion technology. Traditional pretreatment methods and bio-stimulation strategies have impacts on the entire anaerobic system and cannot directly enhance methanogenesis in a targeted manner, which was defined as “broad-acting” strategies in this perspective. Further, we discussed our opinion of methanogenesis process with insights from the electron transfer system of syntrophic partners and provided potential targeted enhancing strategy for high-efficiency electron transfer system. These “precise-acting” strategies are expected to achieve an efficient methanogenesis process and enhance the bio-energy recovery of organic waste.

关键词： Methanogenesis Anaerobic digestion Enhancing strategy Electron transfer Organic waste